Misuse of the Internet in Academic Institutions

Misuse of the cyberspace in Academic InstitutionsInternet, the humankind full Web and computers entertain become a widely accepted aid in education and their influence in nearly all spheres of human existence is constantly increasing. The profits provides access to a genuinely wide range of temporal that dismiss be readily accessed with a few clicks. Although the easy inquisition capability native in the inherent is very beneficial for research workers, there is also a tendency which has been widely reported amongst the young students to indulge in faculty member cheat by copying and pasting material into their assignments without adequately brain the content or acknowledging its original source. Such practices which carry been amongst the most widely reported abuses of the internet and which have been known as plagiarism have caused m any(prenominal) educators to express their concern. However, plagiarism is not the only convolute of computers, the internet and the W orld Wide Web which has been notice at faculty member institutions. The misuse of computers, the internet and the World Wide Web is subject to constant evolution as inexperienced users as well up as the evil genius continue to spring new surprises. Cyber law is also constantly beingness changed to take into account new practices which may be construed as being a misuse of the internet. Many practices in which internet users may indulge and which may be construed to be a misuse if the internet stool render individuals subject to criminal liability. It is, therefore, important to ensure that all internet users atomic number 18 adequately educated and informed closely the misuse of computers, the internet and the World Wide Web. This attempt takes a look at the misuse of the internet in academic institutions and what house be do to reduce the incidence of such(prenominal) misuse.The use of the internet and the World Wide Web has seen a massive increase through and throughout the world because it is possible to readily disseminate randomness, search for ad hoc information or content and rapidly communicate over vast distances for a relatively small cost using the new mediums (Case, 2002, Pp. 1) and (Solarz, 2002, Pp, 29 39). Internet and the World Wide Web have also seen a growing use in education, especially for distance learning and in presenting on depict courses. Most academic institutions use the internet or the World Wide Web to varying degrees for their academic activities (Gearhart, 2000, Pp. 1 10). However, like any other tool, the internet and the World Wide Web ar also subject to misuse, especially by the relatively inexperienced users, who are mostly students at academic institutions. The most widely discussed misuse of the internet and the World Wide Web which has been presented in literature is plagiarism or copyright infringement. This refers to students copying and pasting material for their term papers or assignments from sources on the World Wide Web, without adequately acknowledging the sources used and hence claiming the work to be their own (Anderson, 2000, Pp. 1 10), (Clough, 2000, Pp. 1 15), (Weiner, 1998, Pp. 1) and (Davidson, 2004, Pp. 1). Although students and other academic users of the internet are allowed to search for knowledge on the internet, understand the material, extract ideas and then discus this knowledge in their work after acknowledging the source of such ideas, mere copying and pasting without any understanding does not aid learning, resulting only in a rapid write-up which can then be submitted for the award of marks or credits.Term papers, essays, dissertations and projects are readily available on the internet for downloading and may also be written by other writers for a fee. However, there is a fine line dividing good and evil with regard to such materials which are widely available on the World Wide Web. A student or researcher may use such material to gain insights into an academi c question or to gain an understanding of what is available in the literature, as well as for understanding how others who may be more experienced may have tackled an academic matter. Such an woo may assist in learning and can be considered to be similar to seeking the assistance of a tutor for helping with individual learning. It is normally expected that a student or a researcher will use the available material on the internet and attempt to improve on it by adding their own insights. Such a process can aid in real learning. After all, no one is born with all the knowledge and the knowledge which a student acquires has to come from somewhere. Sources of knowledge and information include text books, teachers notes, tutorials or many other sources such as audio visual material, with additions to the existing knowledge base that is available to humanity being relatively rare and infrequent.However, downloading pre written material from the internet or having it written by another au thor and submitting such material as ones own is academic dishonesty which does not greatly assist learning. Even a tutor who teaches a pupil in a face to- face encounter can complete an assignment for their pupil, who can then hand this in as the pupils own work, but no real tutor will do such a thing and most will try to make the issues or the subject clearer to a student, which is what teaching is all about. Teaching involves making issues, which may be complex for a student, clearer and easier to comprehend as well as presenting new ideas and material which may be most relevant for a stage of cognitive development and building on foundations of knowledge or learning. The material available on the World Wide Web assists in this process of learning because it is very readily searchable and quickly accessible (Gearhart, 2000, Pp. 1 20).Even though plagiarism or academic cheating has been so widely discussed, this is by no authority the only misuse of the internet which is to be f ound in academic institutions or at work in business (Langelier, 1997, Pp. 34 39) and (Charlesworth, 1996, Pp. 6 41). This essay attempts to take a look at the misuse of the internet and the World Wide Web in academic institutions and what can be possibly done in order to minimise such abuse.Although several technology and sanctions based approaches are available to deter internet misuse, the most appropriate first approach to reduce the proliferation of such misuse is by educating internet users and students at academic institutions. Educators and administrators of academic institutions have a certain responsibility to educate new users and students about what is considered to be good internet etiquette, what is unacceptable, how certain actions may result in an internet user violating the law and what can the law do to those who may be found guilty of certain offences. Whereas software for scanning works submitted against millions of web pages or copying in a class are available, those who are call for to submit assignments should also know how to present proper citations in their work. Students should also be made aware of the fact that the basis of all knowledge is the true and that human progress could not have been possible without honesty and equity in all observations, academic writings as well as in the reporting of experimental results. It is also likely to be helpful if students are made aware of the reason why they may have been asked to submit an assignment, what they are likely to gain as a result of honestly making an effort to complete an assignment and how they may seek assistance of tutors or material available on the World Wide Web to complete their assignments or research.They should also know that unless they make an honest and sincere effort to learn through their hard work, investigation as well as curiosity, no tutor or material on the World Wide Web is likely to be of any real assistance. Those who do seek assistance from sources ou tside of their own efforts are expected to make sincere efforts to improve upon what they are able to fulfill and although all knowledge has to be sought from somewhere e.g. from text books, encyclopaedias, knowledgeable persons, literary journals, or the World Wide Web, only honest as well as sincere personal efforts, questioning, pondering or thinking are likely to produce a again in personal knowledge, improve the judgement as well as add to wisdom. Educators should try to discuss an academic institutions plagiarism and cheating policies with those who are associated with the institution and impress upon others how the philosophical concept of truth and its definition which had been shaped in the times of the early philosophers such as Socrates and Plato assisted humanity to progress (Weiner, 1998, Detecting and Discouraging Internet Academic Misconduct) and (Hricko, 1998, Pp. 1).

The Objective Of Conducting Job Analysis

The Objective Of Conducting railway line Analysis lineage epitome helps in analyzing the resources and establishing the strategies to accomplish the business goals and strategic objectives. Effectively developed, employee hypothesize descriptions ar confabulation tools that be significant in an organizations success.The main objective of chartering theorise analysis is to get whether the employment description and crease specification which was menti peerlessd to hire right timber of fiddle force by the company is appropriate or not.Secondly, to know whether any training is given to the employees after their recruitment to a particular stipulate moving in as if there is any confusion rough what the traffic is and what is supposed to be d matchless, proper training efforts cannot be initiated without knowing the specific requirements of the conjecture are identified.Thirdly, to essay the skill levels of the employees, work environment, responsibilities and required level of education as demarcation analysis identifies the consummation criteria so that it promote worker for a better performance.Fin aloney, to study the pharmaceutical industry and its environment as the industry deals with the production it can reveal if any unsafe conditions associated with the seam.Literature ReviewJob Analysis is a term utilize by the human resource managers for the process of perk uping development related to transmission line contents compared under(a)takings performed on the business sector with knowledge, skills and abilities of the theorizeholders (Schuman, et al, 1994). Job Analysis is a process where assessments are made virtually data collected on a furrow. Job Analysis data whitethorn be collected from the incumbents through interviews or questionnaires the main concept of the analysis is description or specifications of the problem, not a description of the respective(prenominal). An important concept of Job Analysis is that the ana lysis is conducted of the Job, not the person.Job analysis is a pattern of tasks, duties and responsibilities that can be done by a person. Job analysis seeks to study about the activity to determine the tasks, duties and responsibilities needed for separately descent. It is a process of gathering, analyzing and synthesizing information about jobs. According to Werther and Davis (1996) Job analysis is the process of defining the work, activities, tasks, products service or processes performed by the employees of an organization. Henderson (1982) explained that a job analysis is a systematic exploration of the activities in a job. On the separate hand, Decenzo and Robbins (1988) depicted that job analysis indicates what activities and accountabilities the job entails. It says that it is just an unblemished recording of the activities involved in the job.According to Robert. B (2008) the organisation should invest time to analyse the value, mission and goals to begin with labou r the organizational analysis as from the organizational analysis allow flow the job analysis, job descriptions and hiring protocols. Job analysis can be used for evolution a variety of human performance management team. Sometimes when job analysis is inadequately conducted, it results in incomplete or inaccurate information. Cascio (1978) says that one essential gather information regarding the specific job attributes and he defined the attributes into 8 segments and these are called job analysis information hierarchy. The segments are element, task, duty, position, job, job family, occupation and career. Finally, job analysis provides critically important information that will guide management in decision-making.The main dissolve of the job analysis is to identify the experience, education, training and other qualifying promoter ins, possessed by candidates for specific jobs. There are two key elements of a job analysis they are identification of major job requirements and t he identification of knowledge, skills and abilities required to perform the accomplished task or job. Decenzo and Robbins (1996) take oer developed several(prenominal) basic principles concerning jobs and the process of analyzing them. The principles are1. All jobs can be analyzed and recorded2. Job analysis can enhance communication among the employees in the organisation.3. The process of job analysis can easily make changes.4. If the job analysis process is clear then employees and employers can understand and contribute their part for the process.5. Job analysis based on observable behaviour and work products contributes to efficient HRM.6. Clearly everything regarding the job (job description) should be written and explained well to the employees.The job analyst gathers the data about severally job but not about every person in the organisation and pass this required information to the HR specialists, who actually recruits the employees. According to Nancy (1988) recorded j ob information plays a significant role because it influences to the highest degree HR activities. Before collecting the information about specific jobs, employees should be informed about why the job analysis is universe done. In this dissertation, the result of job analysis will be used in job evaluation and decision-making of job description. The purpose of job analysis is to put forward information pertaining to assorted types of jobs. The job analyst is naturally perceived by others with suspicion since his/her investigations are going to be used as the basis for job evaluation. mass should be elucidated as to the purpose of the exercise, the reasons why it is necessary, what it is hoped will be achieved, ways in which information obtained will be collected and processed, and how decisions affecting their jobs will be arrived at. Shifting the important from the trivial aspects of a job during and after analysis is really what the whole exercise is about. A common danger is to collect too much information, making it challenging to see the wood for the trees. On the whole, this is a more common pitfall than making just a cursory examination and ending up with a sketchy, incomplete picture. In making the analysis, if a fact is unimportant, it should immediately be discarded.To provide a framework on which to structure both the analysis and the information obtained, it is useful to look at the job from two points of view first, the duties and responsibilities entailed second, the skills and personal attributes necessary for the successful execution of that job (Myers, 1986). What an individual does and what personal attributes he needs to bring to the job provide us with the dimensions critical for making evaluative decisions surrounded by the congeneric worth of one job and another.The process of job analysis is much more difficult than might appear at first sight. The conventional techniques listed all boast limitations (Prasad, 1997). For mana gerial jobs, the matter can become very complicated, and it may well be necessary to construct the analysis in terms of the criteria by which the job is to be evaluated, for example, problem-solving, accountability, and know-how. Job analysis can be misleading therefore, the totality of a job is greater than the sum of its individual parts. Schweiger (1983) explained that recent interest in perusing managerial cognitive style has led to the development and use of a variety of instruments. For the purpose of job evaluation, the evidence from job analysis should be treat with caution.Stewart (1982) worked on a model having for understanding managerial jobs and behaviour was conceived in one study and developed and applied in 3 others. Some forms of flexibleness are common to many managerial jobs. The need is to move from Mintbergs (1973) roles and propositions about managerial work to an analysis that takes into account the variations in behaviour and the differences in jobs before attempting to generalize the managerial work. Kay .G (2005) says that the job evaluation acts as a tool to provide the means of assessing jobs to make an equal value decision. A major purpose for job analysis is to obtain information for a job evaluation project that may be organisation-wide or simply consist of an individual employees implore for his or her job to be re-evaluated.Cascio (1995) states that there are different number of methods to study jobs. Some combination of methods must be used to obtain a total picture of the task and physical, mental, social and the environmental demand of a job. Job analysis is the process of looking at exactly what a job requires in order to determine the necessary job qualifications. Through the job analysis a jobs skills, knowledge and ability (KSA) can be defined in operational terms. This is essential if the job analysis data are to pee-pee any utility for example, it may be used for the performance assessment. Once the jobs have been sorted using the KSA level their scores are entered in to the system to get the ranking for the jobs. The jobs with less KSAs tend to be lower in the organisation than the jobs with greater KSAs this is relevant in find the key job elements required for the job in the organisation.Job Characteristics ModelIf the type of work a person does is so important, the specific job characteristics that affect productivity, motivation and blessedness can be identified. Hackman and Oldham (1975) has developed a model to identify 5 such job characteristics and their interrelationship and they called it job characteristics model. The early research with this model indicates that it can be useful in redesigning the jobs of individuals. The 5 core characteristics of the model areSkill pattern The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities so one can use a number of different skills and talents.Task individuality The degree to which the job requires completion of a whole an d identifiable piece of work.Task Significance The degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people.Autonomy The degree to which the job provides substantial freedom, independence and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and in determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.Feedback The degree to which carrying out the work activities required by the job results in the individual obtaining direct and clear information about the opinioniveness of his or her performance.In this model first three dimensions combine to create meaningful work. That is, if these 3 characteristics exist in a job, we can send for the incumbent will view their job as being important, valuable, and worthwhile. The jobs that possess autonomy give the employee a looking at of personal responsibility for the results and if it provides feedback the employee will know how effectively they are performing. From a motivational standpoint, the model says that internal rewards are obtained by individuals when they learn that they personally have performed well on a task that they care about.Dodd and Ganster (1996) objectively manipulated job dimensions of autonomy, variety and feed back to evaluate their effect on perceptions of job characteristics and on job outcomes. In a eminent variety task, increased autonomy led to increased satisfaction, while in a low variety task, increased autonomy had a negligible effect on satisfaction. Saks and Waldman (1998) examined the relationship between age and job performance evaluations for newcomers recently hired into entry-level positions. They found a negative relationship between age and job performance evaluations. This relationship was eliminated after controlling for undergraduate grade average and prior work experience, operationalized as the number of jobs that a newcomer had previously held.Glick, Jenkins and Gupta (1986) compared the coitus strengths of the effects of method versus substance on relationships between job characteristics and attitudinal outcomes. They compared the reports from both job incumbents and non-incumbents on job characteristics and job attitude. Substantive relationships were observed between job characteristics and effort, supporting the job characteristics model. Common method effects, however, inflated relationships between job characteristics and affective outcome, thereby supporting the social information-processing model.Gist (1987) described that self-efficacy (ones belief in ones capability to perform a task) affects task effort, persistence, expressed interest and the level of goal difficulty selected for the performance. Despite this, little attention has been given to its organizational implications. He analyseed the self-efficacy concept and then explores its theoretical and practical implications for organizational behaviour and human resource management.Taber and Peters (1991) analyzed employee perception of the complet eness of a self-report, point part job evaluation system. Complementary qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to identify characteristics of jobs, characteristics of employees and characteristics of the job evaluation procedure that affected employee perceptions of the system. Analyses indicated that the job evaluation instrument might describe both(prenominal) classes of jobs more completely than others.Spector, Jex and Chen (1995) examined the possibility that intervals with certain constitution traits tend to be found in certain types of jobs. They examined specially correlations between two personality traits, optimism and anxiety and measures of job characteristics obtained through job analysis. The results have showed that those who were high in traits anxiety tended to be in job characterized by low autonomy, variety, identity, feed-back, significance and complexity. On the other hand those reporting high levels of optimism tended to be in jobs characterized by high levels of each of these job characteristics.Taber and Alliger (1995) described that research on job satisfaction traditionally has gathered data at the level of the overall job. As a job consists of many tasks almost of which may be enjoyable, complex, and important and some not. Global and facet measures of job satisfaction were found to be consistent with, but only partially predictable from, individual task properties. Task analysis is a cumbersome process nevertheless, by complementing traditional, global measurement procedure, task level assessment may facilitate new research into the nature of job satisfaction.Somers and Bimbaum (1998) tested the proposition that relationships among the miscellaneous types of work activities are related both to the form of load and the facet of performance under consideration affect commitment and job performance. They suggested that job involvement was related only to performance tied to intrinsically rewarding elements of work, and career commitment was positively related to overall performance activities. These forces effect the individual organisation in different ways and can bring change in organisations.Evaluation plans used to translate job duties into relative job worth may take different forms (James, 1991). Essentially, however, the principal measuring techniques for determining relative job worth differ from one another in three ways. First, what is measured the whole job or identifiable elements of the job. Second, whether or not point values are assigned to establish quantitative measures of job value. Third, how jobs are measured against other jobs, or against a pre-described yard-stick. Application of these techniques can result in four basically different types of job evaluation plans. These are, and have been for many years, the ranking system, the miscellany system, point evaluation plans, and factor resemblance plans. Combinations of these systems can also be used.The Ranking SystemThe mos t widely used method of job evaluation is the ranking system. Under this plan, a job is ranked against other jobs, without assigning point values. Evaluators simply compare two jobs and judge which is more difficult. Once this determination has been made, a third job is compared with the first two and similar decision made. The process is repeated until all jobs have been ranked, from the most difficult to the least difficult. The greatest advantage of the ranking system is its simplicity. The evaluation process is quick and inexpensive. Also, the ranking system uses a job against-job comparison, which is the most accurate method of evaluation, because it is far easier to judge which of two jobs is more difficult than it is tojudge the absolute difficulty of either.On the other hand, the system does little to guide the psyche of evaluators. There is a tendency to judge each job on the basis of its dominant characteristics, which can result in inconsistencies. In addition, it is ext remely difficult to explain or justify the results of ranking to employees or managers, because there is no record of the judgements of evaluators. Finally, the ranking system can indicate only that one job is more difficult than another, not how much more difficult it is.The fleck SystemUnder the point evaluation system, various factors which measure a job are selected and defined. A separate yard-stick for different degrees of each factor is prepared. A job is then rated against every yard-stick. In essence, this is the same process as the classification system except that the job is evaluated on a separate scale for each factor. In addition, each degree of each factor has point weightings. Point evaluation systems provide a written record of judgements made. In addition, the degrees in each factor provide a guideline for judgements. Because points are assigned for each factor, each job can be given a total numeric point value, which provides a measure of how much more difficult one job is than another. The main problems of the point evaluation system are the difficulty of selecting relevant factors, of defining degrees for each factor and assigning appropriate point values. In addition, there is the problem of determining the correct number of degrees. Ideally, just enough degrees are established to identify minimum measurable differences in each factor. Finally, the various degree definitions must be written so as to serve as guides that are both useful and meaningful in terms of the jobs being measured in each specific company. ingredient ComparisonThe final basic approach used in traditional job evaluation is the factor comparison system. In this system, factors must also be identified, as under the point system. Within each factor, a ranking system rather than a classification system is used. That is, for each factor, the evaluator ranks all jobs from highest to lowest. Various degrees result, but they are not defined or described. Points are assigned to each of these degrees. Factor comparison has two basic advantages. First, it uses the job-by-job comparison technique. Second, it does not involve the semantic problems encountered in defining factor degrees. However, because of the lack of definitions, it is always difficult to explain the results of factor comparison evaluations to employees or supervisory programs.Combination SystemsIn practice, most companies use combination plans. The most typical approach is to use a combination factor comparison and point system (Hartley D.E, 2004). In this way, the advantages of each system are obtained, and the difficulties of each are neutralised. In the combination system, there are five steps involved. Firstly, factors are selected and defined. These are usually the five basic factors of responsibility, creatority, knowledge, skill, and working conditions. Secondly, benchmark jobs are selected and priced if they can be priced in the market, and all benchmark jobs are ranked under eac h factor. This includes both those which were priced in the market-place and those which were not. Ranking of market-priced jobs, however, must reflect market pay relationships. Ranking of other jobs is done primarily by comparison with jobs that have been priced. Thirdly, points are assigned to each degree of each factor on the basis of a standard system. The relative maximum weight of each factor is a function of the number of degrees established in the ranking process. Fourthly, each degree is defined. This is done in terms of the company jobs that have been ranked in each degree. Finally, all other jobs are evaluated, by comparison against degree definitions and on a job-against-job ranking system, particularly using benchmark jobs priced under each factor.Edmund .H (1996) says that new methods of pay are introduced by many companies. Each form or element of pay serves a different objective for the company. Each has evolved over time to deal with specific company needs. Each ele ment of compensation also tends to meet different employee aspirations or objectives. The elements of compensation may be categorized in six ways. There are premium payments, bonus payments, long-term income payments, pay for time not worked, benefits, and estate building plans. Each of these elements is more applicable to some groups of employees than to others. For instance, overtime is applied only to operations persons. Long-term income plans are typically restricted to higher-paid persons. There are also non-financial rewards, which are difficult to categorise. Basically, some company characteristics represent a form of remuneration to employees. The work done and the work environment can have value, even though no monetary payments are involved.(Risher .H, 1979) Other characteristics whose value cannot readily be expressed in terms of dollars but which to the employee represent income value or remuneration include titles and various perquisites.There are, of course, many diff erent ways in which job analysis can be tackled. Some cover the information which would normally go into a job description, and some cover the main points of a job specification (McCormick, 1980). The suggestion here is that a comprehensive job information sheet should be compiled for each job. It does not matter whether it is called a job description or job specification, provided all relevant information about the job is recorded clearly, accurately, and so far as is possible, with brevity.The critical incident technique (Flanagan, 1954) is an attempt to identify the more important, or noteworthy, aspects of job behaviour. Originally it was developed as a check-list military rating procedure for performance appraisal, but its merits lend itself to other investigatory activities such as job analysis for the purpose of job evaluation. In this latter context, the mentation is to highlight the critical aspects of a job which are crucial to its successful performance. It can usefully be applied to multi-task jobs as a means for establishing priorities between job elements. The diary method is a self-reporting analysis of the activities engaged in over a period and the amount of time spent on all of them, recorded in the form of a diary. It can become tedious and onerous for the job incumbent, and is probably the method most open to abuse and faking.To conduct job analysis effectively, managers have the obligation to keep all the job information up to date. It is vital that they report changes in the organisation, job assignments, and methods of work to crack that classifications are kept current. Even when staff specialists evaluate jobs, line managers still have the basic responsibility of reviewing both the job analysis and the results of job evaluation. This review carries with it the authority to approve or appeal. Line managers have the basic responsibility for making pay decisions. Decisions must be made within the framework of policies, practices, techni ques, and controls. Clearly, the individual supervisor is involved in interpreting compensation policies and applying them to many individual situations. The supervisor also has the job of gaining employee acceptance of the company evaluation and compensation programme. The supervisor is not likely to gain that acceptance unless employees understand basic policies and practices, and unless they perceive that the application of those policies and practices in individual situations is equitable and reasonable. Information, knowledge, programmes, and practices must be continuously reviewed and re-thought. anxiety of job analysis, job evaluation and compensation administration, like many other fields, requires a never ending search for excellence.FindingsThe author has used the questionnaire to collect the information regarding the employees job specification and their actual job performance. From the questionnaire employees answered the author has analyzed the data in the take overin g way.Table 1Describes about the employees participated in the researchMales65Females35Under Graduates47Graduates and above53Part-time Workers30Full time Workers70Had training on their job performance80No training20People performing single role85People performing more than 1 role15People working less than a year (new)13People working from more than a1/2 yrs (old)87The above data can be stand for in chart format as below.Where,M-males FM-females UG-undergraduate G-graduate PT-part-time FT-full timeT-training NT-no training SR-single role MR-many roles LT-less time MT-more timeTable 2Describes about the employees responses to the Questionnaire sent by the author on job analysis.CharacteristicsVery SatisfiedSatisfiedNeutralDissatisfiedVery DissatisfiedJob Description74242__ procreation8020___Job performance851311_Essential skills for job702613_workload7321222Co-operation of higher officials88102__Pay and performance relation9253__Security at work place964___Administration692812_Basic Salary87103__Physical working environment772011Opportunity for personnel development6520384Job security741853_Job Satisfaction861013_Job duties are clear9064__Evaluation of job782921_About additional responsibilities7021612Purpose of job77175_1Job definition928___About additional skills732421_Using the above data collected the major attributes of the research can be depicted in pie diagrams as followFrom the total findings the research the whole analysis of the company data can be plotted in to an area graph to show the employees overall feeling about their job.

Literary Analysis Essay -- Essays Papers

Literary Analysis In James Joyces Dubliners, Joyce writes ab bulge out difficulties and hardships of the Irish good deal during the 19th century. In the stories The Sisters and The Dead, the separation of an individual from the rest of society is portrayed through many occurrences of eyes and visions. There are many examples that run though out these stories that can be interpreted. Some of these examples can range from being on a symbolic level to an emotional level within the characters. In The Sisters, there are many emotional changes that are a result of visions through certain objects. After the scant(p) boy in The Sisters sees the flowers in the store, he goes through a rollercoaster of emotions (3-4). He begins to realize how his feelings are different from all of the other people about the death of the priest. The boy feels a sense of departure due to the death of the priest (4). He is upset and annoyed by this and does not know what to do with this emotion. Being put through the death of his dress hat friend the priest, he would change his view on life. He started out in the beginning of the book as just a normal boy, except towards the end he took a new perspective on everything. During the story The Dead, the vision Gabriel has at the end of the story makes him go through an emotional change. In the story, after the main character Gabriel learns about his wifes past love (221-222), he looks out the window and stares at the snow for a little bit and then starts to cry. His emotions have taken over him as he is now thinking differently about everything he had every thought of. The previous(prenominal) feeling of how lovely his wife is and how he was looking forward to being with her... ...ead, Gabriel questions many things including himself. After hearing his wife explain her sadness about her past, Gabriel looks out the window to see the dark snowy night. He questions his own role as a husband to his wife. He questions his role in society also. He does not have any answers for these questions. So he then goes to bed as his soul fades away. All of these examples show the separation of an individual from the rest of society. Joyce voice communication stories so well that the separation can be shown through simple visions throughout the stories in Dubliners. To recognize these themes in the stories gives the reader a better savvy of what is going on. They can actually connect with what the main character is feeling or at least have an idea of what is unfolding. These themes bring the sad faithfulness to us in a beautiful well written manner.

Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

Electric chair, gas chamber, lethal injection, firing squad, hanging, guillotine, and garroting. When you run across these words what do you think of? Do you feel frightened? When some hear these words they tend to say, " Oh they deserve it".In the court system that is not always the case. The question you always have to ask yourself is what did the accuse do and do they deserve the death penalty?What is bad enough to deserve death? Are their certain crimes that do and then some that do not? virtually every culture by dint of out history has relied on the death penalty and capital penalty and justified as a undeniable creature to maintain order. The only thing that changed throughout time were the crimes deemed punishable by death and the orders used to kill those found guilty. Some of the other countries laws of capital punishment seem so barbaric. In ancient India, executions were sometimes carried out by having an elephant crush the condemneds head. Executions used to be public spectacles. In ancient Persia, one method of execution involved being eaten alive by insects and vermin. In the middle ages, methods of execution included chopping off limbs, stripping off the condemned persons skin, boiling in oil, draftsmanship and quartering (cutting the persons innards and then tearing the body into four pieces), burning at the stake, and crucifixion. In 1692, a man refused to testify after his wife was accused of witchcraft and was " Pressed " to death. The sentence was carried out by lying him on a stone floor, placing a board over him, and piling stones upon the board. Benjamin Rush, attribute with the beginning the movement to abolish capital punishment in the U.S, declared in 1792 that reform, not retribution, should be the goal of punishment.The Bible authorizes executing those who show condescension on their parents, walk without permission on sacred ground, practicing sorcery, sacrifice in foreign gods or who prostitute themselve s. In the Bible Exodus 2112 it says, " Whoever strikes a man a mortal blow must be put to death."Electrocution in the modern era. Electricity causes biological damage through both heat and electrochemical havoc. The electrical current itself abolishes the function of organs and tissues such as the brain, nerves, and heart by overwhelming the fragile bioelectrical basis of the metabolism. The electromotive force applied is... ...icans that some states have strict death penalty laws while others employ long, complicated legal procedures that make it almost impossible for a flagitious to be executed? Samuel Hand, The North American Review, December 1881 wrote an article titled Deserved Retribution. It said, Capital execution upon the deadly poisoner and the midnight assassin is not only necessary for the safety of society, it is the fit and deserved retribution of their crimes. By it alone is divine and human justice is fulfilled.Robert Rantaul Jr., Report to The Legislature , 1836 wrote an article titled Death Penalty Unnecessary. It said, It is not necessary to hang the murderer in order to guard society against him, and to prevent him from repeating the crime. If it were, we should hang the maniac, who is the most dangerous murderer. Society may defy itself by other means than by destroying life. Massachusetts can build prisons strong enough to secure the community forever against convicted felons.You may have been fold up minded about capital punishment before you read my paper and if you were you still probably are, but the one thing I hope you cut were all the sides and views of capital punishment.

The Ransom of Red Chief Essay example -- Literary Analysis, O. Henry

The life of O. Henry ties in very closely with the taradiddle The Ransom of bolshie Chief.Life had been well until O. Henry had been accused of the embezzlement of bank funds. OHenry denied the indictment but was still put in jail. In prison, he wrote and published hundredsof short stories in order to support his daughter. O. Henry was once asked why he wrote hereplied that every story conveys something close being a person. Having been wrongly accusedmay have led O. Henry to communicate his belief that criminals receive what they deserve inThe Ransom of Red Chief.O. Henry utilizes a first person point of view in his writing to emphasize the significanceof a single character. The center of attention is chiefly heightened on Sam, the narrator (337). Thefirst person point of view is the or so limited for the perspective is only from one individual.However, this is useful when the author wants to focus the thoughts and actions of only onecharacter. The first person point of view i s recognized by the words I or we, as seen on page337. O Henrys conflict plays an important element in the narrative. In The Ransom of RedChief, two conflicts are established, man vs. man and man vs. man. This is most common withthe protagonist versus the antagonist or a good versus evil narrative. The most easily recognizedis the primary conflict, where Bill and Sam kidnap knot and are desperate for money fromEbenezer (337). The sustainary conflict occurs when Bill and Sam have difficulty managingJohnny (339). Interestingly, Johnny enjoys being kidnapped and relates it to a game of Indiansand struggle (340). This creates an unexpected and twisting plot throughout the story. The twoconflicts... ...e denouement. Bill swears that he will cross the Central, Southern,and Middle Western States, and be tripping for the Canadian redact (347). As good a runner asSam was, Bill was a good mile and half out ahead of him (347). This narrative surpass shows O.Henrys opinion that criminals receive what they deserve.O. Henry integrates his own personal beliefs into the narrative The Ransom of Red Chief.O. Henry communicates a lesson to the reader that actions have their consequences. Likewise, inreality, criminals will not be tolerated and receive the deserved punishment. On the other side,people who commit good deeds will receive a foresightful lasting reward. O. Henry communicates tothe reader that evil deeds will lead to unforgiving penalties. But like the criminals people aregiven a second chance to run away and start a new life through Christ.

Economic Injustice in America :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Economic Injustice in America Class is for European democracies or something else--it isnt for the United States of America. We are not going to be divided by association.-George Bush, the forty-first President of the United States (Kalra 1)The United States of America was founded on the basis of a classless society of equals, committed to eliminating the past injustices imposed on them by Great Britain. A hundred years later, Alexis de Tocqueville, a prominent sociologist of France, claimed that the nation was the most democratic in the world, a model for the rest of mankind, distinguished by the equality of condition (Tocqueville in... n. pag.). Today, however, there does exist perceptible classes in this country, and, because of differences in material wealth, Americans have unequal opportunities in politics, education, health care, justice, security, and overall happiness. The distinct class structure of current-day America is the greatest cause of inequality in the United State s today. This inequality in America is not recognized. The subject is either trivialized or brush aside as untrue. Though the economic injustices of other nations can be easily recognized, their own situation, which is comparable or worse, is free of criticism. Michael Parenti, a sociologist from Yale, states, If the subject of class is introduced, it is unremarkably dismissed as an outworn Marxist notion having no relevance to modern America (Parenti 55). America still re establishs to many a place of equality where success is decided by chance and choice, ignoring that if this was the case, income would be distri simplyed more evenly than the current imbalance towards the upper class. Thus, while overtly acknowledging and emphasizing the discriminations based on race and gender, the American public accepts unfair social stratification as very legitimate. The reality is that the economic gap within the classes is great and growing. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the gap m ingled with the richest and everyone else in America is the greatest it has been since the end of WWII. Professor Edward N. Wolff of N.Y.U. states that the current era represents the most extreme level of wealth concentration since the late 1920s (Gates 17). Paul Samuelson explains that the present income structure is grossly unfairly distributed. If we made an income pyramid out of a childs blocks, with each layer portraying $1,000 of income, the peak would be far higher than the Eiffel Tower, but almost all of us would be within a yard of the ground (Kalra 10).

Hardships in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro :: Boys and Girls Alice Munro

In her story, Boys and Girls, Alice Munro depicts the hardships and successes of the rite of passage into adulthood through her portrayal of a young teller and her brother. Through the narrator, the subject of the profound manginess of sex-role stereotyping, and the effect this has on the rites of passage into adulthood is presented. The protagonist in Munros story, unidentified by a name, goes through an extreme and radical initiation into adulthood, similar to that of her jr. brother. Munro proposes that gender stereotyping, relationships, and a loss of innocence play an extreme, and often-controversial role in the growing and passing into adulthood for many young children. Initiation, or the rite of passage into adulthood, is, according to the theme of Munros story, both a mandatory and necessary experience. Alice Munros creation of an unnamed and therefore undignified, female protagonist proposes that the narrator is without identity or the prospect of power. Unlike the narrator, the young brother Laird is named a name that means "lord" and implies that he, by virtue of his gender alone, is invested with identity and is to plough a master. This stereotyping in names alone seems to suggest that gender does play an important role in the initiation of young children into adults. Growing up, the narrator loves to suffice her father outside with the foxes, rather than to aid her nonplus with "dreary and peculiarly depressing" work done in the kitchen (425). In this escape from her predestined duties, the narrator looks upon her mothers assigned tasks to be "endless," while she views the work of her father as "ritualistically important" (425). This view garnishs her happy childhood, filled with dreams and fantasy. Her contrast between the work of her father and the chores of her mother, illustrate an arising struggle between what the narrator is expected to do and what she wants to do. Work done by her father is view ed as being real, while that done by her mother was considered boring. Conflicting views of what was fun and what was expected lead the narrator to her initiation into adulthood. Unrealistically, the narrator believes that she would be of use to her father more and more as she got older. However, as she grows older, the remainder between boys and girls becomes more clear and conflicting to her.