Impact of Temperature on Viscosity of Liquid

Impact of Temperature on Viscosity of LiquidINTRODUCTION Hydrodynamics, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the branch of physics that deals with the action of changeables, and the effects acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion singingal to them (2017). The study of fluids originated in Ancient Greece, was coupled with the works of Persian philosophers in chivalric times, and eventually, with many contributions made by scientists such as Archimedes, Leonardo Da Vinci and Isaac Newton, was developed into the branch of fluid dynamics that exists today (WiseGeek, 2017).Any substance croup be classed as a fluidif it changes shape uniformly in response to external forces. Many characteristics of such a substance include pressure, temperature, mass, density and viscousness (Washington.edu, 2017). The term viscosity is defined as a fluids resistance to flow in relation to its inner molecular structure, and is largely affected by temperature (Viscopedia, 2017). As the temperature of a fluid increases, so does the thermal/kinetic energy of its liquid molecules, which results in increase amounts of movement as the particles begin to move faster. Due to this increased amount of movement, the attractive binding energy of the fluid is reduced, consequently decreasing the fluids resistance to flow (Azom, 2013). This principle is demonstrated in the following theoretical figures, which fork up the relationship between the temperatures and viscosities of various fluids From utilize the known viscosities of fluids at various temperatures, and developing functions that model these relationships in programs such as Microsoft Excel or on a graphics calculator, the approximate viscosity of a liquid at any temperature wad be found by substituting set for temperature into the relevant conventionalism. An example of this process is seen belowAs seen in Figure 1, the equation that models the relationship between temperature and viscosity of water supply is y = 1.5396e-0.018x. If the temperature of the water was 4C.y = 1.5396e-0.018xy = 1.5396e-0.018 x 4y = 1.433 mPasTherefore, the viscosity of the water at 4C is 1.433 mPas.Viscosity is also what causes an object to slow as it travels through and through a fluid, and is one component in the phenomenon of whiff force, the retarding force that acts opposite to the direction of motion of a body or object. The pouffe force of any object is dependent on the viscosity of the fluid it travels through, velocity of the object, consultation area of the object, and the drag coefficient.The following formula can be utilize to calculate the total drag force acting upon an object (Wikipedia, 2017)Where = Drag force (N), = skunk density of fluid (mPas), = Flow speed of object relative to fluid (ms-1), = Drag coefficient (no units), A = Reference area (m2) A worked example of this calculation with assumed and exact values is modelled belowAssume that for a immediately surfaced mass traveling through water at 4C. mPas = 0.3ms-10.82A = 2.5 x 10-4The values are then substituted into the drag force formulaTherefore the drag force of the mass travelling through water at 4C is approximately 4.6125 x 10-5N.One component of this force, as represented by in the drag force equation, is a drag coefficient (The Free Dictionary, 2017). As stated in The Physics of Sailing by Ryan M. Wilson (2010), intuitively, the drag should depend linearly on the density of the fluid in which the body is immersed (because force depends linearly on mass) and linearly on the area of the body that is subject to the flow because the volume of fluid that must be displaced as the body moves through it is proportional to this area. A range of calculated drag coefficients for various shapes can be seen in Figure 3. It can therefore be concluded that the lower the drag coefficient of an object, the lower the amount of drag force that occurs as it travels through a fluid (Brock University, 2017).As seen in Figure 2, the drag coefficient of an object is reliant on its shape. It can be concluded that a mass with a flat compose area leave alone travel al close two times slower than that with a spherical telephone extension area. A conical reference area will cause an object to fall slightly slower than a spherical mass, but faster than one with a flat reference area. Theoretically, as deducted from Figure 2, it is concluded that a mass with a spherical reference area will travel faster than one with either a conical and flat surfaced reference area, the latter of these theoretically having the slowest time of fall through a liquid out of the three.Although many different handle of study incorporate knowledge of drag forces and viscosity, arguably one of the most important applications is found within the engineering of ships and the design of the hulls, specifically in relation to sailing competitions such as the Americas Cup. As one of the largest sailing races in the world, this competition has strict guidelines for ship design, consequently meaning that vessel engineers must come upon the best combinations (of measurements) to create the fastest ship possible (Krepal, 2014). When building, engineers must be familiar with the environmental sailing conditions of the race in order to build the most suitable hull with the least amount of drag this is determined in regards to the temperature of the sea and its viscosity. As calculating viscosity is a complex procedure, ship engineers practically refer to data such as seen in Figure 2 to determine aspects of ship design.In regards to the speed of the ship, it can be concluded from preceding(prenominal) knowledge on drag force that the lower the drag coefficient of a vessel, the easier it is for it to break through the water, overcoming shear force and resulting in a faster travelling time (Krepal, 2014). When unknown, the drag force formula can be rearranged to find the drag coefficient howev er, often these values are computed from graphical designs of the ship as the phenomenon of drag force is dependent on many variables. Testing on model ships is also performed to determine how vessels will travel under different conditions (Mecaflux, 2013).HYPOTHESIS base on the previous research, the hypothesis for this experiment is thatIf a body is falling in a liquid, then i) the lower the viscosity of the liquid, which decreases as temperature increases, the faster will be the rate of fall of the object, and ii) the lower the drag coefficient of the body, the smaller its drag force will be, as the velocity of an object as it travels through a fluid is inversely proportional to the amount of resistance it encounters.METHODThe supplies needed 1L provide measuring cylinder, 2L water, 2kg love, 2L canola oil, 3 x 53g cylindrical masses with different reference areas of the same 0.9cm radius (flat, spherical, streamlined/conical), a Thermomix, thermometer, a logbook and pencil, an d a video recording device. whole measurements and data were to be collected and stored in a logbook and on the video recording device. A risk assessment form was completed before the commencement of the experiment, in order to recognise any potential hazards regarding the equipment that was to be used. It was identified that any device used to heat up the liquids, and the hot liquids themselves, had potential to burn the person completing the experiment, and it was possible for the glass cylinder to whirl over and shatter as it was filled with each liquid. Covered shoes were worn during the experimental procedures to protect the feet from any falling objects and glass, and care was taken when development heating devices and handling hot liquids.As the hypothesis was written in two parts, there were two variables that remained constant depending on the experimental procedure (independent variables) the start was the temperature/viscosity of each liquid, and the second was the r eference area of the masses travelling through each. The dependent variable in both was the velocity of the object.The equipment was set up for the experiment as depicted in Figure 6. 1L of each liquid was placed in the fridge and cooled to 5C. 1L of the first liquid, water, was heated in the Thermomix to 37C and then poured into the glass cylinder. The flat ended mass was dropped from the 1L mark, and its fall was timed and put down on the video recording device. The object was then extracted from the butt end of the cylinder, and this process was repeated two more times. The flat ended mass was then removed, and the same procedure was performed again for both the spherical and conical make masses. afterward these tests were completed, the water was poured back into the Thermomix and was heated to 50C. Once at temperature, the water was again poured into the cylinder, and the previously stated processes were repeated for each mass. After these tests were completed, the water wa s poured into the Thermomix. The chilled water from the fridge was then taken out, checked with a thermometer to be at 4C, and poured into the cylinder for testing. The previously stated processes for each mass were repeated. After all of the masses had been dropped into the water at all three temperatures, the water was disposed of, and the experimental space cleaned up to prepare for the next round of testing. All results were recorded into various tables in the logbook, and later graphed for analysis.The second liquid, canola oil, was heated in the Thermomix to 35C and then poured into the glass cylinder. The previously stated procedures were repeated. All results were recorded into a table, and later graphed for analysis.The third liquid, honey, was heated in the Thermomix to 35C and then poured into the glass cylinder. The previously stated procedure was repeated. All results were recorded into a table, and later graphed for analysis.In this experiment, it is noted that apart f rom that which were independent and dependant, all other variables were controlled, consequently meaning that every aspect of the testing remained consistent. These controlled variables included the positioning of the glass cylinder and video recording device, the dropping point of the masses, the weight of the small masses used, the radius of the masses, the distance each mass fell, the type of oil and honey used, etc. By controlling all other variables, the results recorded from the testing become more accurate.RESULTS(HYPOTHESIS incite 1)CALCULATED VALUES FOR VISCOSITYBy using the formulas generated from the Excel graphs in Figure 1, which model the relationships between the viscosity and temperature of each liquid, and substituting in the experimental temperatures for x (4, 37 and 50), the empirical viscosities of each fluid at different temperatures were calculated. The tables and graphs of these results follow, with all calculations performed recorded in the logbooks.WATERTe mperature (C)Viscosity (mPas)41.433370.791500.626y = 1.5396e-0.018xCANOLA OILy = 186.16e-0.049xTemperature (C)Viscosity (mPas)4153.0263730.3755016.064HONEYy = 138468e-0.117xTemperature (C)Viscosity (mPas)486716.073371825.10850398.774WaterFlat Surfaced MassTemperature of eloquent (C) quantify 1 (s) sentence 2 (s) succession 3 (s)Average quantify of Fall (s)40.410.620.810.61370.620.500.500.54500.660.600.690.65Spherical MassTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Time of Fall (s)40.910.680.370.65370.530.590.550.56500.430.620.600.55Conical MassTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Time of Fall (s)40.400.570.540.50370.780.500.620.63500.590.500.430.51Canola OilTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Time of Fall (s)40.600.550.650.60370.620.690.580.63500.490.520.460.49Flat Surfaced MassSpherical MassTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Rate of Fall (s)40.630.590.690.636667370.560.560.530.55500.45 0.460.420.443333Conical MassTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Rate of Fall (s)40.670.530.430.543333370.460.490.380.443333500.360.450.390.4HoneyFlat Surfaced MassTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Rate of Fall (s)420402257.22008.22101.837498.6489508.2498.6508491.295.490.2Spherical MassTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Rate of Fall (s)414281537.21362.61442.637362.4370.2389.4374507270.873.872.2Conical MassTemperature of Fluid (C)Time 1 (s)Time 2 (s)Time 3 (s)Average Rate of Fall (s)411881135.213051209.437307.2305.4320.43115066.665.467.266.4HYPOTHESIS PART 2CALCULATED DRAG FORCESWorked ExampleFlat surfaced mass travelling through water at 4CmPas = 0.2916 ms-10.82A = 2.545 x 10-4The values are then substituted into the drag force formulaWATERTEMPERATURE (C)DRAG FORCE (Nx10-5)Flat44.3600373.0830501.6840Spherical43.9480372.9358502.4084Conical4132.37003746.02705055.5820CANOLA OILTEMPERATURE (C)DRAG FORCE (Nx 10-5)Flat4483.0203786.9715076.033Spherical4434.85037116.8605096.567Conical412120.000373620.000502320.000HONEYTEMPERATURE (C)DRAG FORCE (Nx10-5)Flat40.0223060370.0083423500.0556950Spherical40.0485340370.0151850