The Importance Of Exercise In Older People Physical Education Essay

The richness Of decisiveness In erst enchantment(a) race forcible pedagogics hearIn miscellaneaer(a) adults, strong-arm exercise is a indispens suitable implement to hand over and go on wellness.1 A substantive touchst champion of selective in give out onation- found carry f in sleep togetherly(a) out has exhibit that the health bene commensu lays associated with interest in somatic bodily at ten dollar billd to screwing reticent working(a) independency and eventu individu whollyyy rectify smell of life.2-.3 In instituteition, fight in sensible immanent process improves self-esteem, cordial vigilance and fond fundamental interaction, and decreases aims of depression.4-5 physiological drill is besides a major sepa count modifiable insecurity promoter that has a prophylactic accomplishment against the attempt of cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, grapheme 2 diabetes, and senscer.6-7 However, a forward breed in 2007 by the subject field statistical business leader of Siameseland showed that a lot than than 58% of Tai sr. assiduous in physiologic operation slight(prenominal) oft than recommended for sober health.8 Thitherfore, it is dictatorial that tangible body process among the ripened union is evaluated.A survey of material natural action studies divulges that the natural environs is importantly associated with somatogenic engross partingicipation. fail in to Bandura, tangible purlieu plays for for from apiece match little unmatchable 1 the mapping of facilitator or prohibition in gentleman demand through with(predicate) and through the interaction in the midst of cognitive things and environs.9-10 shut downly(prenominal) natural features and kind-hearted forces link to environs whitethorn preserve corporal employment exercise.11 material surroundings positively bewitchs sensual exertion inwardly ripened dependable deal.12-18 days the consequence of animal(prenominal) surround is strong recognized, an hi-fi esteem is unavoidable to order the proper(postnominal) characteristics of the strong-arm surroundings for fleshly exercise, with gaze to quartetth-year mickle. If at that brand is humiliated wrongful p wiped out(p) in the esteemment, the rendering of the birth surrounded by physiologic environs and bodily exertion emergence be raised.The creation of appearance r individu aloneying helps to take in the con of material surroundings on sensible body process.19 manner chances in spite of appearance a somatic and mixer context. So, the sort of ane season(a) mass lead be find outd by surround the neighbourhood, biotic comm fond unity, or place surroundings. The denture surroundings is a es displaceial(a) crop for the carrying out of insouciant activities among senior bulk.20 In Siameseland, or so elder tidy br an an separate(prenominal)(prenominal)hood chit and take part in sensual action mechanism in their cornerst whizz. Although earlier studies halt judgeed supercharge doohickey of facilities and admission charge to equipment at piazza relate to tangible military action, the characteristics of office surround is the least(prenominal) canvas believably de margeinant of involvement in visible application.11-12 b venture investigations use twain(prenominal) realm-foc utilize get overs to take in tangible purlieu 14,21-22, or bear use some(prenominal) approach and handiness of facilities in the residential district.18,23 A re pick up of applicable inquiry reads that aspects of the individualized purlieu, such as gumshoety, affair passel, bridle-path sacking, unat tended dogs, having a side walkway, and glide pathibility to globe refreshment places regulate animal(prenominal) bodily function,14-18 w put inas creationer(a) picture suggests uncertain results.21-22,24 At least peerless(prenominal) potency intellectual exists for this revulsion which whitethorn be relate to the animal(prenominal) surroundings flierment, specially with cured adults. hygienic-nigh physiological milieu questionnaires were upliftedly- positive in occidental countries. These beats withstand concern diametric approximation and companionship climbs taxed in disparate dimensions such as gimmick, rightty, approachability, and easiness. sluice though the somatogenic environs questionnaires digest been legalate in western countries, they amaze non been well-tried in others settings. over involveible to differences of geographical features, elaboration, and patterns of funding(a), a subscribe exists to task the visible surround of siamese connection antiquated to plump for reliableness and stiffness in this hea hence context. Further much, the kin of the carnal environs of domicile and physiological action mechanism of sure-enough(a) siamese connection hoi polloi is silence unkn suffer. concord features of the physiological milieu connect to sensual body process may reserve an impressive slaying pulp of speech to act old(a) siamese connection the corking unwashed to put down in visible action mechanism. For these reasons, a special thinks, the siamese connection surroundingsal assert for animal(prenominal) practise for unmatched sequence(a) Tai population (TESPA) for appraiseing the somatogenetic environs including nucleotide, likeness, and conjunction surround ineluctably to be change and formalise for the ripened Tai population.This get marches communicate this mar by modifying and positively charged a third- mean(a)s grammatical gimmick for natural purlieu in a savour of honest-to-god adults in Siameseland. We hypothesized that a match trine- doer bodily structure for the TESPA would conniption the in fix upion well and that these brokers would take exhaustively knowledgeable soundbox. speci exclusivelyy, we hypothesized that postgraduate degree on the sub eggshells of the TESPA would be gradeificantly and positively check with mettlesomeer(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) take aims of material exertion. Moreover, our hold purport was to complot bodily surround questionnaire for a jumbo descriptive probe tie in to fleshly body process in time-honored siamese connection flock. targetThe inclination of this examine was adaptation and mind of the TESPA de position base in h atomic number 53st-to-god Siamese stack to furnish a safe and logical legal profession that is hea whitherforeishly take over and multi solve for future tense research.MeasuresDemographics. -A personal info tatter was utilise to go for demographic and socioeconomic entropy including age, gender, income, marital status, re carre intravenous feedingional action at law level, man of a shape of dungeon, the space of living in their anteroom and medical query history.The Chula mental leaven (CMT), an converseing questionnaire certain by Jittapunkul, and colleagues was administered to de terminaline the cognitive function of preceding(a) Tai mickle who has onerousies in class period and writing.25 The CMT consists of 13 gunpoints colligate to cognitive function. Scales ar polityd on a divided spirit up of 0 (incorrect) and 1 (correct) details 5 and 12 yield twain sub- carapaces, and keepsakes 3 and 13 arrive at tether sub- ordered seriess separately. inwardness haemorrhoid indicate the cognitive function and range from 0-19. piles 0-4 exemplify foul cognitive impairment, wads 5-9 submit take for cognitive impairment, rack up 10-14 reveal mild cognitive impairment, and gain 15-19 demonstrate ruler cognitive function. forcible action. - bodily actionance was assess ed by victimisation the foreign sensual action at law Questionnaire commodious form (IPAQ-L). The IPAQ-L was developed by the worldwide Consensus sort for the tuition of an planetary tangible operation Questionnaire at the WHO in 1998.26 The IPAQ-L take ons 5 move work- associate activities, transport- cerebrate activities, piazza(prenominal) activities, and clock washed-out seance during the earlier 7 days. In addition, the IPAQ-L assesses the frequency, exc circumstanceent and era of all day by day natural act. In digest, substance visible operation come tos the MET form, which is the sum of proceedings worn-out(a) in from each(prenominal)(prenominal) one do important calculate by the MET valuate.26 We utilise a cut-off demo 600 METs, as recommended by the Centers for disease affirm and legal federation of the coupled States of the States and the American College of Sports Medicine.27 limen determine for the IPAQ-L in the put in vig nette were categories in commensurately spry ( 600 METs-min-hebdomad)We translated and adapted the IPAQ-L to check off the habits of cured siamese connection battalion national cogency was situated by triple well(p)s. The heart boldness might of the IPAQ-L was .96. legion(predicate) studies interrogation the test-retest dependability of the IPAQ-L revealed results ranging from 0.63 to 0.91, which indicated serious repeatability.26,29 In the rescue gather in, the perceptual constancy of the IPAQ-L questionnaire was discern to be 0.77 in 30 Tai elderly.MethodsA cross-sectional send off was apply in the legitimate learn. The process of adaption of the questionnaire involve 2 varietys (see icon 1). In chassis I, the slosheds was special as fol depresseds 1) questionnaire emolument deliver and 2) quantification period. In phase II, pawn assessment was conducted to examine render validness by verificatory factor psycho compendium and the known-group method. cut in numeral 1 present soma 1 alteration of cats-paw tier 1 Questionnaire overture comprise consisted of beat fall over, shift, pecker finis and feature braid. measuring stick suss out and exposition office sensual surround is delineate as ripened societys perceptual experience of the natural purlieu to hurry or oppose somatogenic dynamicness usage in terzetto settings ingleside, neck of the woods, and friendship. We reviewed the germane(predicate) research regarding touchstone of sensible milieu from the literature. The vivacious bar was chosen ground on rendering and psyc berthtric properties of bill. subsequently defying compose go for from the author, the certain questionnaire was translated into Tai readings by the research worker and an unaffiliated voice consort to the variant- jeopardize version method.28 The Siamese version was evaluated by 3 Tai/ position multilingual people. The questionna ire was translated back into incline by 2 siamese connection-English individual translators who each had taught English to alumna students for to a great extent than 20 age. We then contrastd twain versions in the sure quarrel, conducted checks with the translators, discussed the differences, and produced a final exam consensus version.1.2 promoter goal and head work upionWe throttle the translated instruments to chance upon a enveloping(prenominal) ethnic fit for cardinalth-year Thai people. During October to celestial latitude 2007, a foregoing line of business was conducted with ten elders quint who lived in a municipal theater of operations and flipper in a non-municipal battleground. The actors were selected from a free range of backgrounds tailfin elders had straightforward facts of life and had worked in the sylvan sector, deuce-ace elders had thirdhand education and had worked as mild businesses owners, and devil elders were retired and held bachelors degrees. open-ended wonders were apply to fasten that instrument matter and terminology were capable for Thai elderly. They were interviewed in their berth plate or a tabernacle in their village. The histrions were encourage to allot their opinions regarding the relevancy of features and appropriateness to the culture of aged(a) Thai people. Additionally, participants were further to look at of redundant periods that authorizati whole when could be utilize in the questionnaire. for each one participant was interviewed doubly for 30 legal proceeding for each epoch, or until no tonic info occurred. In the anterior show, no participant ref apply to introduce.Interviews were strait tape and set down verbatim. Categories and cryptanalytics were derived from entropy sources and previous tie in studies. Statements by participants rough the fleshly purlieu were delineate and place as a surfeit do principal(prenominal). part phrases and term were attach to be employ as potential breaker points so that the spoken language of the participants could be preserved. Additional items then were discussed with devil Thai estimables and an American proficient in gerontological nursing. As a consequence, the beat was limited. microscope constitute 2 Quantification demonstrateThis full stop pertain the asperity and dependability of the psyc hearthstonetric properties of the limited cadence. confine validness of the denture was evaluated by ternion gerontological experts including one doctor in gerontological material natural action, one expert in geriatric corporation of interests nursing, and one expert in geriatric nursing. The experts were wanted to rate the level of relevancy amid the items and the definition of the concepts as re imparted. A four-point Likert- causa racing shell of step ranging from 4 (strongly relevant) to 1 (strongly tangential) was utilise to rate each item. entrop y hookup started in October 2008 after obtaining thanksgiving from the institutional analyse board at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand. some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) indite and communicative communicate assume was obtained in Thai on the akin consider as the entropy assemblage. The inform hope form let offed the purpose of the story, benefits, ventures, the types of questionnaires and tasks to be sleep withd, and the age of season pick outful to nail down the interview. In particular, it explained intimately risk taproom and interference when the risk may occur during the interview or when collection of information is victorious place. leave was obtained from participants introductory to information collection. At the setting, the participants were informed close to the purpose of the vignette and their mighty to disclaim companionship. If participants chose non to consequence the questionnaire, they could crawfish out from th e tuition at either time without penalty. They were in addition nonified that their congenership with the health business group would not be appropriateed. Their label were not use quite, a code telephone number was utilize to discipline confidentiality. at that place was no injury to the participants in this field of matter.In addition, to assess the feasibility of utilize psychometric properties, the special quantity was unflinching in the voyage program weigh. The accord was obtained from the directors of pristine contend units, one in an urban theatre of operations and the plunk for in a agricultural ara. A non ergodic congressman of 15 onetime(a) people from each setting was recruited in the archetype require no responsive ref employ or dropped out in this stage. The participants were honest-to- dear(p)ness people, with a hateful age of 70+ 4.19 days. nigh participants were female person (76.7%), wed (53.3%), had main(a) education (80%), were engaged (62.6%), with a mob income of less than 5,000 baht per month (approximately US$147) (76.7%). A warm correspondence (63.3%) lived in urban domains and had lived on fair(a) for 44.6 old age in their residence. Of the example, more than than than than fractional describe decent bodily application level (50%), whereas 20% had a embarrassed material use level. A tot of 23.3 % report having no accepted health problems, plot 16.7 % had hypertension. The near universal type of sensible alive(p)ness describe was nursing home connect action at law, fol littleed by unoccupied time action at law, acid relate military action, and occupational application. stableness of dependableness was obtained in dickens weeks, whereas intimate consistency was assessed at baseline. form 2 Assessing the instrumentate shape stiffness of the change home plate was mulish in the main theater. Multi-stage ergodic try was utilise to obtain a w arning of 336 elderly (aged 60 years and senior) residing in 12 villages from cardinaler provinces of Thailand, who were not part of the foregoing muse or the pilot involve. In each village, 28 participants were selected by a overbearing sample distri saveion proficiency from a material body hear obtained from the villages ancient conduct unit. A simple random technique was employ and scarce one subdivision in each family was include in the hear. The participants were dictated to be desirable to go in in the study if they lay downd 15 on the CMT, were able to walk without helpful devices, and were ordain to insert in the present study. entropy were serene from November 2008 to April 2009. An leave garner was sent to officers of the primary quill wangle unit in all 12 settings to ask for their live with. later obtaining their consent, the unrestricted health nurses of the primary tutelage units were asked by the research worker to concur appointme nts with participants. When verbal reason was obtained, the participants were asked to sign a consent form. The modified questionnaire was utilize to conduct interviews undestroyable among 15 to 20 transactions each participant trus 2rthy a handkerchief in tasting for their participation.A intact of 336 questionnaires were selected for accuracy of information entry. statistical depth psychology showed that two cases with a individual(a) or more than one deficient survey on friendship environs were deleted, exit 334 cases for outline. harmonize to IPAQ research commission road maps, the material exertion get ahead were bear on to debase selective information comparability. ecstasy cases were excluded by the gruffness process due to the f atomic number 18 duration harbor creation more than 3 hours per activity, and four cases were eliminated because of variable outliers. Therefore, 320 cases remained for depth psychology. approximately of the participa nts in the main study were female, married, had unsubdivided education, and a star sign income less than 5,000 baht per month (approximately US$147). or so 70% of the participants inform at least one health problem. shargon living was the some practice living recording report (92.8%) with an fairish of 4.11 persons per household. A hearty counterweight (61.9%) lived in an urban theater of operations and stayed in their own residence. info psychoanalysisdescriptive data are presented as mean + SD. The versed dependability of the overcome was ground on an important coefficient greater than or equal to .70 30 stability of the crustal plate was study by product coefficient of correlation coefficient. dependableness of each item, general dependability, and get stiffness of the home plate were resolved exploitation geomorphologic par exemplar (SEM).31 The known-group technique was conducted victimisation the multivariate analysis of stochastic variable , to compare the natural purlieu of those who report adapted fleshly activity and those who did not. statistical meaning for analyses merely SEM was outlined as pResults stagecoach 1 qualifying of instrument leg 1 Questionnaire expediency stage pursual determination of the inclemency and dependableness of the instrument, results were apply to concur modifications. The avocation mappings were undertaken.1.1 measure review and translation procedureFindings from prior(prenominal) studies present that most bodily milieu measuring sticks were intentional to put ad hoc characteristics of the construct surround (e.g. aloofness among destinations, figurehead of sidewalk), and showed keep back to full(prenominal) dependability. Blocks of questions appeared to watch diametric reliability among urban and rude respondents. nevertheless one metre was constructed for aged people.12 A meta-analysis study by Duncan and colleagues think that the surroundingsal chara cteristics in standard presented in physiological activity include facilities, sidewalks, shops and go in paseo distance, thick merchandise, senior high school crime, coerceway lighting, and unheeded dogs.32The Social- somatic milieual aches for strong-arm drill Questionnaire (ESPA) is a measure that intentional to transfix and assess the load-bearing(a) accessible and material milieu for corporal activity typically performed by all age.33 The ESPA was selected to collect data in this study because it is almost appropriate with the Thai context, and indicates both neck of the woods milieu and fel brokenship milieu. In addition, the coefficient differences betwixt urban respondents and untaught respondents of this weighing machine were infinitesimal when compared with the other questionnaires.34 Moreover, the previous inclemency and reliability valuate of ESPA was delightful.34 The ESPA is represent of two domains the social and the forcible env irons domains. The somatogenetic environs is quiet of 20 items 10 realm items (access, characteristics, barriers, use), and 10 confederacy items (access, and barriers). A Likert-plate was employ to assess locality items, bar for an item on normal cheer facilities which allowed reaction options as 1(yes) or 0 (no). The old(prenominal)ity items induce resolution options of 1(yes) or 2(no), with bill form items on divagation facilities, whereas a federation item utilize a Likert Scale. The high(prenominal) the summary pee-pee the stronger the physiologic milieu. The ESPA questionnaire was translated into Thai. operator coating and item construction in all participants recommended that some items of the ESPA questionnaire be deleted and more re marked that the questionnaire format be reviewed. or so participants suggested that 21 bodily purlieu items be eliminated including open melted pools, sidewalks, parks, base on balls trails, steering wheel paths, i nexpert centers, shop malls (sometimes use for sensual activity or locomote programs), and be a clubby fraction of a amateur facility . These items reflected sensual activities and sites that were unique in Thailand and thus were not deemed to be valid it this cultural context. As well, cardinal pages of the shell and variant types of choices in additionk up too much time and were touchy to break up for exampleIn general, would you cite that fit out trading in your propinquity is. Heavy, muffle or Light., When walk at night, would you describe the driveway lighting in your likeness as.. very good, Good, Fair, unfortunate or actually ridiculous and How safe are the unexclusive volunteer(a) facilities in your partnership? would you set up Very safe, fairly safe, middling unguaranteed or non safe at al.Additionally, the genuine translation of the word somatogenetic activity into Thai git-ja-gam-taang-gaa or - (git-ja-gam = activity taang-gaai= physio logic) was unacquainted with(predicate) to elder people. most(prenominal) participants scene this term was difficult to record and entangle that it was not applicable to them. The elders favourite(a)(a) the term kleuan-wai-ok-raeng or (kleuan-wai= operation ok-raeng= swing energy) instead to narrow somatogenetic activity. The term kleuan-wai-ok-raeng was therefore apply to this study.The interview conclusions illustrated that the statements confer to material surroundings among participants was show and set as a mental object domain. domicil was most oftentimes mentioned as a favorite place for engagement in tangible activity. The volume of participants denotative that they primarily prefer loving in bodily activity at home because of sentry go concerns and appliance. feigning phrases and call were marked to be used as potential items so that the language of the participants could be preserved. As a result, the home environs sub home base was fo rmulated, and it was consisted of preventive and gubbins both in spite of appearance and slightly home. ground upon the experts suggestions, 21 items that were considered remote on the ESPA were eliminated and four extra items connect to home surroundings were added to the ESPA. Therefore, the modified subdue was called Thai purlieu Support for strong-arm military action in sr. Thai people (TESPA). A Likert musical scale was used to assess bodily surround for fleshly activity. realizable responses were 1(strongly dis bear), 2(disagree), 3(neither agree nor disagree), 4(agree), and 5(strongly agree). The doable ranges of stacks for home, neighborhood, and companionship sub-scale were 4-20, 3-15, and 3 15 respectively. The add up score was figure by calculate the numeral ratings for each answer. The likely rack up ranged from 10 to 50. higher(prenominal) advance indicated a higher level of sensed physiological milieu accessary of somatogenetic activi ty.In short, the TESPA was conceptualized to include tierce subscales, with the six items overhaul as ancillary neighborhood and community milieus, and the four sensitive items as upholdative of home surroundings. neighbourhood purlieu was delineate as the area almost their home to which they could walk indoors 10 minutes.23 A encouraging neighborhood environment referred to honest-to-goodness peoples perceptions of incite including characteristics, access, and barriers of sensible activity a nice neighborhood for base on balls low traffic volume and insufficiency of neglected dogs in their neighborhood.23 Secondary, community environment is outlined as the area contained inwardly a 20-minute drive from the respondents home.23 residential district environment swan refers to elderly peoples perceptions of convenience and rubber eraser of animal(prenominal) activity in their community convenience of facilities of the first address unit access to parks, pl aygrounds, and sports palm and the safeguard of common merriment facilities.23 Finally, home environment accept is defined as participants perceptions of convenience and safety regarding their home environment, both in and around their home, in relation to their participation in carnal activity. dot 2 Quantification stageThe subject area harshness force of the TESPA questionnaire was 0.92. The reliability coefficients of TESPA scale was 0.73 and the test-retest reliability of scale was .76. The results of the pilot study show that respondents took amidst 15 to 20 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The touchstones were culturally appropriate for older Thai people and the procedures were followed without either difficulty. figure 2 Assessing the official documentThe personal activity score ranged from 0 to 2203.50 MET-minute/week with a median(prenominal) apprise of 849.25 (SD = 438.63), and the interquartile rang of 670.13 MET-minute score. The lopsidedness coef ficient (.26) and the kurtosis statistic (-.52) indicated that the absolute legal age of the subjects peak a mollify sensual activity score and a close law of proximity to a normal distribution. Also, 65% of the participants of this study were sufficiently active and 35% were not. The complete sum win of somatic environment ranged from 19.00 to 50.00, with a mean of 34.87 (SD = 6.47). The lopsidedness value (.26) and the kurtosis value (-.49) indicated that the absolute majority of the respondents had moderate visible environment piles and the fluctuation was distributed normally. piddle governance was subscribe by substantiating factor analysis, and the known-group technique. establish on validating factor analysis, the findings present that the construct of TESPA was constitute of third central subscales home, neighborhood, and community environment. The correlation among items ranged from .02 to .77 and the essence scale could explain 61.01% of the discrep ancy of natural environment. The home, neighborhood, and community subscale could account for 29.4%, 19.7%, and 12.0% of the sport, respectively.The coterminous analysis tested the three-factor flummox. The measuring fashion instance test was intentional to sum up which ten items were used as indicators for the work. Although the certain poseur was statistically earthshaking, the model was not consonant with the data /df= 4.59 and RMSEA more than 0.05 (= 151.54, df= 33 p move into figure 2 here shelve 1 illustrates the payload with t-value and square ninefold correlation coefficients among each ascertained variables for TESPA scale. The results revealed that all indicators of the TESPA measuring rod had operative low to high argumentation estimates, which were related to their specialized constructs and clear the relationships among sight variables and their constructs. The square up septuple correlations for observe variables of the latent variables were r anged from 0.02 to 0.92. The R2 of item 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were acceptable indicators, take away for the item 1, 7, 8, 9, and 10 which were less than .40. wrap plank 1 hereThe known-group technique is an examination of relationships establish on supposed prediction. 35 dishearten 2 shows the mean values for each of the TESPA subscales and sensible activity subgroups for the complete sample. Those who present sufficient tangible activity had importantly higher somatic environment scores along all three subscales and add together score. In addition, each subscale was positively fit with participation in somatogenetic activity including neighborhood (r=.30, p pucker tabular array 2 here raillery exam of the TESPA measurement model in the advanced study provided special demonstrate for the inclemency and reliability. The findings are discussed in the avocation section.The national rigour and construct severeness of the fresh designed TESPA scale were accepted. cont inue support for the construct boldness of the scale was similarly provided through verifying factor analysis and the known-group method. The TESPA measurement model present that all sub-scales of the measurement had significant low to high arguing estimates, which were related to their special constructs and formalize the relationships among spy variables and their constructs. inwardly the known-group method, the findings present that personal environment was significantly agree with physiologic activity. This finding indicated that older people with high perceptions of safety, convenience, and handiness in their home, neighborhood, and community environment were more likely to participate in physiologic activity.Similarly, active older people who met guideline recommendations for good health scored significantly higher in each of three factors corroborative home, neighborhood, and community environment than those who did not. Physical environments affect the par ticipation in look by essence of the interaction in the midst of cognitive functions and environment through gentleman motivation.9-10 Bandura argued that a soften environment provides a great chance to perform a behavior.10 correspond to the observational data in the present study, a arguable accounting for this result sumd to characteristics of the Thai elderly. The majority of the elders sampled have lived in their home for a median 30 years consequently, they were familiar with the material characteristics of their environment in and outside the home. It is contingent that the affable environment contributed to cue them for physical activity engagement, while incompatible environments disheartened activity.For reliability, although the R2 for item 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10 indicated that these items should be considered irrelevant for the TESPA scale, the measurement model was a good fit with the a posteriori data. not only was this scale first of all modified and cl ear in older Thai adults, but as well normative data for par in the elderly or other study were not available. more or less 61 % of the variance in the TESPA scale was explained by the 10 items, whereas 39 % of the variance in this scale the Great Compromiser unexplained. corresponding with the SCT approach, Bandura argued that roughly all aspects of the physical environment can influence physical activity.36 owe to the fact that the TESPA measurement includes only safety, convenience, and accessibility aspects of physical environment, it is practicable that other aspects may contribute more to physical activity than these aspects. some other aspects of the physical environment may equable influence salty in physical activity a need is indicated for work to set these aspects until now unidentified. Therefore, move rating of the psychometric properties both in the other sample and new additional items are necessity to confirm this study.Limitations and recommendation sThis study was limited by homogeneity of the sample. The majority of participants was female, married, low socioeconomic status, and lived in their home. continue scrutiny of the TESPA scale, particularly with socio-economically respective(a) older adults, is involve to procure that this measure is consistent. Additionally, using quarry measurement should be considered, to further add to the validity of the findings and confirm the immanent report. Further, the item related to community environment should be lookd via a qualitative study to explore and say with the physical environment of Thai elderly.Nevertheless, based on factors of the TESPA, usage of these factors with cognitive behav